Hsc Bangla Text Book Pdf 2017
If you are looking for the NCTB Text Book For Class 9-10 titled Business Entrepreneurship, you'll be able to get the text book from in this page of Bangla Books PDF. The book is very useful for learning business too. Who are willing to be an entrepreneur in life and learn business entrepreneurship, They can be benefited too by reading this book along with the students of class nine & ten.
First-generation computers utilized vacuum tubes in their circuitry and for the storage of data and instructions. The vacuum tube was bulky, caused tremendous heat problems, and was never a completely reliable device, it caused a great number of breakdowns and inefficient operations. Magnetic cores began to replace the vacuum tube as the principal memory device in the early machines. Small doughnut-shaped cores were strung on wires within the computer.
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Programs were written in machine language employing combinations of binary digits 0 and 1. The second generation of computers saw the replacement of the vacuum tubes with the transistors.
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A transistor can be thought of as a switch, but with no moving parts. Because of the high speed operation and its small size, computers were developed that were able to perform a single operation in microseconds and were capable of storing tens of thousands of characters. Manufacturers began producing business-oriented computers with more efficient storage and faster input and output capabilities. Second generation computers were reliable, compact in size, and virtually free of heat problems. Programming was done in both machine and symbolic language. Symbolic language utilized symbolicnames of representations for computer commands and allowed the use ofsymbolic names for items of data. This language is also known asassembly language.
These computers were characterized by integrated circuits withcomponents so small that in many cases they were hardly visible to thenaked eye. Third generation computers were characterized by increasedinput/output, storage, and processing capabilities. Input/output devicescould communicate with computers over great distances via ordinarytelephone lines or special communication lines, could scan a page andinput the “observed” information directly into the computer, coulddisplay pictures on a television-like screen, could make musical sounds,and could even accept limited voice input.Storage capabilities were increased and millions of characters could bestored and randomly accessed in fractions of a second. Third-generationcomputers could process instructions in nanoseconds. In addition,computers were able to process several programs or sets of instructionssimultaneously.
Programmers were able to make use of high-levelproblem oriented and procedure oriented languages that closely resemblethe commonly used form of expressions. The fourth generation computers pass still greater input, output storage,and processing capabilities. In the fourth generation of computersmonolithic storage devices were introduced. In the early 1970s IBMintroduced the concept of virtual storage into their 5000 and 370 seriesof computers.
Machines previously limited to a maximum internalstorage capability of approximately 1 million characters now possessed avirtual storage capability in billions and trillions of characters. With thiscapability a machine could execute a program many times the size of themachine’s actual memory capacity.Now a days, the compact disk (CD) promises to become the data storagemedium of choice. A compact disk read-only memory (CD ROM) isencoded with on and off bits.
Bits are stored on the disk’s (3.5-inch dia)aluminum surface as tiny pits at varying depths. The average CD canstore about 4,800 million bits or 600 million characters of data. This isapproximately a quarter of a million pages of text.The most impressive advancement has occurred with respect to software.As a result of these changes, access to substantial computer power,previously only affordable by very large business concerns, is noweconomically feasible for the small business and personal applications. Fifth generation of computers is on the horizon. They will be unlike anycomputer existing today. They will be capable of reasoning, learning,making inferences and otherwise behaving in ways usually consideredexclusive of humans.
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These computers will be equipped with massiveprimary-storage capabilities and extremely fast processing speeds.Software will proliferate and get much bigger and much cheaper.Hardware will continue to shrink in size but internal memory willincrease dramatically. “Talking machines” will be common place.Voice-recognition, the ability for a machine to understand and obeyspoken words, will also advance. Industrial and personal robots will rolland walk into our lives. Expert systems software will place theknowledge of experts and consultants (such as doctors, lawyers,teachers) at our disposal.
Huge computers will be linked in paralleloffering computing power of an inconceivable magnitude.